The IACUC endorses the application of the 3 Rs ( Reduction, Replacement and Refinement) concept to the minimization of pain and distress in animals. Three Rs Presentation Multiple survival surgeries ...

The 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) are a set of principles that provide an internationally accepted framework toward achieving more humane scientific research by minimizing animal distress.

Many are critical of how regulatory testing practices have evolved and become established—critical both of the scientific rational and the animal welfare costs. The test of whether we are more ...