Bipolar stepper motors provide precise position control while operating in an open loop. Industrial automation applications—such as robots and processing and packaging machinery—and consumer ...

People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. With open-loop therapies, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid ...

Spinal cord injury (SCI) rostral to the lumbar locomotor center disrupts communication between the brain and the spinal circuits that control leg movements, leading to paraplegia. A research team led ...

A wearable device pairs glucose-responsive insulin with algorithmic pump control, creating dual safety loops that reduced ...

Schematic illustration of the noninvasive closed-loop spinal interface. Hand muscle activity is recorded by surface electrodes and converted into trigger pulses for magnetic stimulation applied over ...