Heart rate variability (HRV) is a known risk factor for mortality in both healthy and patient populations. There are currently no normative data for short-term measures of HRV. A thorough review of ...

A set of normal values of three-dimensional echocardiographic right ventricular volume and function was first established in a large Chinese population, which was significantly smaller than those ...

Laboratory testing supports most clinical decision-making; however, the concept of a fixed “normal” value is theoretical. Studies have suggested that approximately 7 out of 10 clinical decisions rely ...

COPD requires regular monitoring through tests like spirometry to assess the condition’s severity and aid in an individualized treatment plan. COPD is a progressive lung condition that makes breathing ...

Men with a PSA level above the median for their age group are at higher risk for prostate cancer. The concept of what is "normal" enters into nearly every aspect of clinical decision making. For ...

Normal TSH values vary widely depending on age, and the ranges of normal values are typically higher in older adults. This is important, as a select number of patients manifest recurrent symptoms ...