Ship air emissions have become one of the major concerns of the maritime industry, and therefore various regulations and policies have been issued to manage air emission from ships. Although the rules ...

Bilevel optimisation is a hierarchical framework involving two interdependent decision-making problems, where the solution of the lower-level problem constrains and influences the upper-level ...

The integration of renewable energy sources such as wind power (WP) and photovoltaics (PV) is crucial for transitioning away from fossil fuels. However, the intermittent and unstable nature of WP and ...